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  1. Grammar
  2. Unit 12: Desires, Ability & Preferences
  3. Potential & Capability: 〜ことができる (The formal ability engine)

Potential & Capability: 〜ことができる (The formal ability engine)

Express ability or circumstantial possibility by nominalizing a dictionary-form verb with こと and attaching ができる (or polite ができます). Discover why wrapping verbs into nouns is a core Japanese superpower, and how it contrasts with the short potential form.

Unit 12· Desires, Ability & Preferences(Part 5 of 10)→JLPTN5
Prerequisites:
  • [noun] が できる / できます→

Expressing Ability: [Dictionary Form] ことができる

ability: playing piano
ピアノ
を
弾(ひ)く
こと
the act of
が
is possible / can
できます

piano o hiku koto ga dekimasu

I can play the piano.

Formal Capability (〜ことができる) vs Spoken Potential Form (〜れる/〜られる)

Micro-Shift

漢字を読むことができます。

I am able to read kanji.

Stately, explicit nominalized ability commonly found in official rules and tests.

Example Sentences

  • ひらがなhiraganaをobj書(か)くwriteことnominalizerがsubjできますcan do

    I can write hiragana.

    Word Details →

    How it works

    The action 書く (to write) is nominalized with こと and paired with ability predicate ができます.

  • このthis漢字(かんじ)kanjiを読(よ)むreadことthingができます。can do

    I can read this kanji.

    Word Details →

Mental Model: The Magic of Nominalization (名詞化)

In Japanese grammar, case particles like が, を, and に have a strict syntactic rule: they can only attach to nouns. They cannot snap directly onto verbs (*泳ぐができる and *話すが上手 are completely ungrammatical!).

To solve this, Japanese uses こと (“intangible fact, event, or the act of”):

  • By placing こと immediately behind a dictionary-form verb, you encapsulate the entire dynamic action into a neat, solid noun package: 泳ぐ(およぐ) (verb: “to swim”) → 泳ぐこと(およぐこと) (noun: “the act of swimming”).
  • Once the action is packaged as a noun, the subject particle が snaps on easily, followed by できる (“to emerge / be possible”): 泳ぐことが できます。(およぐことが できます。) = “The act of swimming is possible for me” → “I can swim.”
Hana
Think of こと as a gift box that turns any dynamic verb into an elegant noun package! Once boxed, you can attach particles like が and say what you are able to do: 日本語を話すことができます(にほんごを はなすことが できます) (I can speak Japanese).

Two Dimensions of Capability: Inherent Skill vs Circumstantial Possibility

〜ことができる expresses two distinct real-world situations:

  • 1. Acquired Skill & Personal Talent: Internal competence you possess through study or practice:
  • 日本語を話すことができます。(にほんごを はなすことが できます。) (“I can speak Japanese.”)
  • ピアノを弾くことができます。(ピアノを ひくことが できます。) (“I know how to play the piano.”)
  • 車を運転することができます。(くるまを うんてんすることが できます。) (“I can drive a car.”)
  • 2. External Possibility & Situational Rules: Circumstantial realities, permissions, or environmental conditions:
  • この駅で両替することができます。(このえきで りょうがえすることが できます。) (“You can exchange currency at this station.”)
  • カードを使うことができます。(カードを つかうことが できます。) (“You can pay by card here.”)
  • 富士山を見ることができます。(ふじさんを みることが できます。) (“You can see Mount Fuji from here.”)

Derivation & Formula

The derivation is simple and 100% universal across all verbs: Dictionary (Plain Present) Form + ことができる / できます

  • Group 1 (Godan): 読む(よむ) → 読むことができる (“can read”) · 書く(かく) → 書くことができる (“can write”).
  • Group 2 (Ichidan): 食べる(たべる) → 食べることができる (“can eat”) · 見る(みる) → 見ることができる (“can see”).
  • Irregular Verbs: する → することができる (“can do”) · 来る(くる) → 来ることができる(くることが できる) (“can come”).
  • Tense Shifting: The tense shift happens strictly at the end on できる:
  • Present Affirmative: 話すことができます (“can speak”)
  • Present Negative: 話すことができません (“cannot speak”)
  • Past Affirmative: 話すことができました (“could speak / was able to speak”)
  • Past Negative: 話すことができませんでした (“could not speak / was unable to speak”)

Contrast: ことができる vs Short Potential Verbs (話せる)

Every Japanese verb also possesses a short potential form (可能動詞, e.g., 話す → 話せる, 食べる → 食べられる):

  • Everyday Spoken Japanese: Native speakers heavily prefer the nimble, short potential forms (話せる, 行ける, 食べられる) in fast casual conversation.
  • Official Guidelines, Manuals, & Formal Settings: Official documents, contracts, service terms, and announcements overwhelmingly favor 〜ことができる because it is clear, dignified, and grammatically unambiguous.
  • Universal Reliability: Short potential forms involve different vowel shifts and ra-dropping debates, whereas 〜ことができる works with 100% mechanical consistency on every single verb in the Japanese lexicon!

Foreigner Traps to Avoid

  • Trap 1: Conjugating the internal verb: Never put the verb inside the box into polite or past form! Sayings like *話しますことができます or *話したことができます are completely broken. The verb before こと must always stay in its clean dictionary form.
  • Trap 2: Mixing up with Experience (〜たことがある): Notice the crucial difference:
  • Plain Past + ことがある: 行ったことがある = “Have had the experience of going.”
  • Dictionary Form + ことができる: 行くことができる = “Have the ability or permission to go.”
Maru
Master the distinction between formal documents and daily chats! You'll see 〜ことができます everywhere on signs and menus, but with friends, you'll usually hear the short potential forms like 話せる and 行ける!

Conjugation

Base formConjugatedForm
食べる→食べることができるichidan
飲む→飲むことができるgodan
行く→行くことができるgodan
する→することができるirregular
Conversation

In Dialogue

  1. ASpeaker A

    英語を話すことができますか。

    Can you speak English?

  2. BSpeaker B

    はい、少しなら話すことができます。

    Yes, if it's a little, I can speak it.

    Potential ability expressed with ことができる

Quick Check

私(わたし)は100メートル___。I can swim 100 meters.

Select the correct phrasing to say ‘I can swim 100 meters’:

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See also
  • [verb stem] + ます→

Unit 12: Desires, Ability & Preferences→Part 5 of 10

  • ← Previous in unit[noun] が できる / できます
    Say you can do something (ができる)
  • Next in unit →[noun] が 上手です / 下手です
    Say someone's good at something (上手・下手・得意・苦手)

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