Potential & Capability: 〜ことができる (The formal ability engine)
Express ability or circumstantial possibility by nominalizing a dictionary-form verb with こと and attaching ができる (or polite ができます). Discover why wrapping verbs into nouns is a core Japanese superpower, and how it contrasts with the short potential form.
Expressing Ability: [Dictionary Form] ことができる
piano o hiku koto ga dekimasu
I can play the piano.
Formal Capability (〜ことができる) vs Spoken Potential Form (〜れる/〜られる)
Micro-Shift漢字を読むことができます。
I am able to read kanji.
Stately, explicit nominalized ability commonly found in official rules and tests.
Example Sentences

I can write hiragana.
How it works
The action 書く (to write) is nominalized with こと and paired with ability predicate ができます.

I can read this kanji.
Mental Model: The Magic of Nominalization (名詞化)
In Japanese grammar, case particles like が, を, and に have a strict syntactic rule: they can only attach to nouns.
They cannot snap directly onto verbs (*泳ぐができる and *話すが上手 are completely ungrammatical!).
To solve this, Japanese uses こと (“intangible fact, event, or the act of”):
- By placing こと immediately behind a dictionary-form verb, you encapsulate the entire dynamic action into a neat, solid noun package: 泳ぐ (verb: “to swim”) → 泳ぐこと (noun: “the act of swimming”).
- Once the action is packaged as a noun, the subject particle が snaps on easily, followed by できる (“to emerge / be possible”): 泳ぐことが できます。 = “The act of swimming is possible for me” → “I can swim.”
Two Dimensions of Capability: Inherent Skill vs Circumstantial Possibility
〜ことができる expresses two distinct real-world situations:
- 1. Acquired Skill & Personal Talent: Internal competence you possess through study or practice:
- 日本語を話すことができます。 (“I can speak Japanese.”)
- ピアノを弾くことができます。 (“I know how to play the piano.”)
- 車を運転することができます。 (“I can drive a car.”)
- 2. External Possibility & Situational Rules: Circumstantial realities, permissions, or environmental conditions:
- この駅で両替することができます。 (“You can exchange currency at this station.”)
- カードを使うことができます。 (“You can pay by card here.”)
- 富士山を見ることができます。 (“You can see Mount Fuji from here.”)
Derivation & Formula
The derivation is simple and 100% universal across all verbs: Dictionary (Plain Present) Form + ことができる / できます
- Group 1 (Godan): 読む → 読むことができる (“can read”) · 書く → 書くことができる (“can write”).
- Group 2 (Ichidan): 食べる → 食べることができる (“can eat”) · 見る → 見ることができる (“can see”).
- Irregular Verbs: する → することができる (“can do”) · 来る → 来ることができる (“can come”).
- Tense Shifting: The tense shift happens strictly at the end on できる:
- Present Affirmative: 話すことができます (“can speak”)
- Present Negative: 話すことができません (“cannot speak”)
- Past Affirmative: 話すことができました (“could speak / was able to speak”)
- Past Negative: 話すことができませんでした (“could not speak / was unable to speak”)
Contrast: ことができる vs Short Potential Verbs (話せる)
Every Japanese verb also possesses a short potential form (可能動詞, e.g., 話す → 話せる, 食べる → 食べられる):
- Everyday Spoken Japanese: Native speakers heavily prefer the nimble, short potential forms (話せる, 行ける, 食べられる) in fast casual conversation.
- Official Guidelines, Manuals, & Formal Settings: Official documents, contracts, service terms, and announcements overwhelmingly favor 〜ことができる because it is clear, dignified, and grammatically unambiguous.
- Universal Reliability: Short potential forms involve different vowel shifts and ra-dropping debates, whereas 〜ことができる works with 100% mechanical consistency on every single verb in the Japanese lexicon!
Foreigner Traps to Avoid
- Trap 1: Conjugating the internal verb:
Never put the verb inside the box into polite or past form! Sayings like
*話しますことができますor*話したことができますare completely broken. The verb before こと must always stay in its clean dictionary form.
- Trap 2: Mixing up with Experience (〜たことがある): Notice the crucial difference:
- Plain Past + ことがある: 行ったことがある = “Have had the experience of going.”
- Dictionary Form + ことができる: 行くことができる = “Have the ability or permission to go.”
Conjugation
| Base form | Conjugated | Form |
|---|---|---|
| 食べる | 食べることができる | ichidan |
| 飲む | 飲むことができる | godan |
| 行く | 行くことができる | godan |
| する | することができる | irregular |
In Dialogue
- ASpeaker A
英語を話すことができますか。
Can you speak English?
- BSpeaker B
Quick Check
Select the correct phrasing to say ‘I can swim 100 meters’: